Is Nanotechnology Helping to Treat Infectious Diseases?

 

Nanotechnology's advancement is revolutionary in terms of the issues that infectious illness treatment poses to society. Malaria, tuberculosis (TB), and HIV are examples of infectious diseases that cause considerable mortality and morbidity around the world. By manufacturing medications within Nano carriers, the hurdles that these infectious diseases cause can be solved with revolutionary nanotechnology solutions.

Nano medicine is the application of Nano scale technology to medical applications, which can include the utilization of particles ranging in size from 1 to 100 nanometers. In recent years, the unique use of nanotechnology in medicine has become an exciting development, with revolutionary Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved concepts that have the potential to improve illness detection and treatment.

Infections are a major cause of death around the world, with high mortality rates linked to illnesses such lower respiratory infections, tuberculosis, diarrhea, HIV, malaria and other infections. Due to a lack of vaccines and anti-infectives, these infectious diseases have a greater impact in the poor countries, where fatality rates connected with these conditions are the highest.

Nanotechnology in Medicine

Nanotechnology's introduction and advancement in medicine can lead to a more straightforward treatment plan with fewer doses and less upkeep.

Injectable Nano carriers that can transport, deliver, or release medications over lengthy periods of time would be revolutionary in addressing the issues that low-SDI countries face. Nano carriers, which control drug release through the use of an inert vehicle such as a lipid or polymer, or a gradual breakdown of a drug utilizing poorly soluble mediums such as Nano-drug crystals, are examples of such drug delivery systems.

Nanotechnology's capacity to target is a key benefit, helping to advance medicine and improve the treatment of infectious diseases. It would be extremely advantageous for malaria, which is now treated with chemotherapeutic medications that have negative effects such as toxicity, missed dosages, and resistance development.

Infectious diseases cause worldwide economic costs and increased pathogen resistance, which, if not addressed, can become a global problem. Therapeutic tactics for treating and preventing infectious diseases can be improved with the use of Nano medicine. As a result, there will be fewer opportunistic infections, as well as a reduction in global morbidity and death.

WHAT ROLE DOES NANOMATERIAL PLAY IN PANDEMIC COVID -19?

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) made its first appearance in Wuhan, China. Following that, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the global outbreak of the new virus to be a pandemic in March 2020. Coronavirus illness 2019 is the common name for the pandemic (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 is a highly pathogenic virus with a high transmission rate. To date, it has claimed the lives of about 4.71 million people all across the world.

Nanotechnology is widely used in biomedicine, particularly for controlled medication administration, illness diagnosis, and therapy. Many laboratories throughout the world have used this technology in response to the current pandemic. Facemasks with nanomaterial-coated filters, vaccines with nanometer adjuvants, and economical and quick COVID-19 diagnostic tests are among the applications.

Nanomaterials aid in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infected people.

Virus prevention and nanomaterials :

SARS-CoV-2 is primarily transferred through droplets from an infected person's cough or sneeze, according to scientists. These droplets can stick to nearby objects, such as doorknobs, and to healthcare professionals' protective gear. SARS-CoV-2 remains active for seven days on a facemask worn by an infected person, according to a study. When healthy people come into contact with these contaminated areas, they are at a significant risk of contracting COVID-19.

Facemasks with dual purposes, such as protection against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and exceptional self-disinfection capabilities, have been developed thanks to nanotechnology. In addition, the use of nanoparticles in the production of self-disinfecting surface disinfectants has proven to be quite advantageous in hospital and healthcare environments. By catalyzing particular processes to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under specific wavelength light irradiation, gold nanoparticles can destroy viruses and bacteria.

Non-metallic nanomaterials, such as hydrophobic graphene nanomaterial, have also been produced for facemasks with self-disinfection capabilities. Facemasks' filtering properties are also improved by nanoscale TiO2 fiber coating. To reduce the buildup of dangerous microorganisms in Nano fiber holes, inorganic nanoclusters (NCs) have intrinsic bactericidal and antiviral action.

COVID-19 diagnosis and nanomaterials :

A COVID-19 biosensor system based on nanomaterials and one-step reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification has been developed by scientists. This biosensor is capable of detecting COVID-19. A field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensor device can effectively identify the COVID-19 virus in medical samples. The COVID-19 spike protein may be efficiently identified using biosensors made from graphene nanosheets that have been treated with the COVID-19 spike antibody.

 

HOW ARE SAFETY TESTS CARRIED OUT IN NANO TECH?

To evaluate the harm associated with substances, a variety of toxicity tests are employed. The regulations regulating the material and how it will be utilised will determine which ones are employed. For example, toxicity testing for a new medicine are far more extensive than those for a new cosmetic. Cell cultures — in vitro testing – are used in several of them. By exploring the chemical composition of a material, some of them can offer an indicator of hazard without using cells. In other situations, computer models are employed to determine the potential toxicity of a novel drug.

Most toxicologists believe, however, that most of these experiments can only go so far in predicting how a novel chemical would affect humans, and that in vivo testing will be required at some time. There are movements across the globe – and rightfully so – to reduce animal experimentation and, when feasible, find alternatives. Unfortunately, when it comes to brand new materials, such as engineered nanomaterials, modelling and cell cultures are insufficient to anticipate how these materials would behave in a real body.

This issue is exacerbated by the fact that several known toxicity tests designed for chemicals do not function well with nanomaterials. So toxicologists are faced with a dilemma: should they depend on non-animal testing that may not be appropriate, risking allowing dangerous items onto the market, or do they test these things on animals to reduce the odds of anything awful happening? It's a difficult question to answer. But, in the end, most persons involved in ensuring that new products do not hurt people will use the most comprehensive set of tests available to give them with the most accurate information on product safety.

 

Nanotechnology: Should carbon nanotubes be handled in the workplace like asbestos?

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is at the forefront of the effort to understand the health and safety ramifications of working with nanomaterials. There have been an increasing number of scientific publications from the research community at large—including a new study issued just this week—that address one type of nanomaterial in particular, carbon nanotubes, and seek to determine if they biologically behave like asbestos.

That is, if inhaled, are carbon nanotubes likely to cause irreparable and fatal effects such as those associated with asbestos exposure? The effects of asbestos include severe lung fibrosis or scarring, lung cancer, including cancer of the lining of the lungs or pleura called mesothelioma. Carbon nanotubes are tiny, cylindrical, manufactured forms of carbon.

There is no single type of carbon nanotube. One type can differ from another in terms of shape (single-walled or multi-walled) or in chemical composition (pure carbon or containing metals or other materials). Carbon nanotube exposures can potentially occur not only in the process of manufacturing them, but also at the point of incorporating these materials into polymer composites, medical nano applications, and electronics.

 

Can Nanotechnology Build The AI Of The Future?

Nanotechnology is one of the most important developing technology sectors, with applications in agriculture, medicine, and engineering. Many people, notably noted futurist Ray Kurzweil, believe that nanotechnology will be the technique that AI uses to reach the ‘singularity.' While such a vision is still a long way off, technology has begun to show signs of synchronisation in their ability to operate together, particularly in the areas of AI and nanotechnology.

These two fields can be employed in tandem, with AI assisting nanotech research, making foods that taste like meat even when they don't contain any, and nanotech-powered computing ensuring AI's expansion. This article discusses how AI and nanotechnology can work together to shape humanity's future.

AI Helps Scale Nanotech

It's difficult to quantify some of the variables in the environment because they can't be recorded. Furthermore, due to the same factors, interpreting these results is a mammoth undertaking. AI, on the other hand, is ideal for these activities since it can not only optimize data and algorithm design for the technology, but also estimate various factors and evaluate experiment findings.

As a result of the high level of accuracy and efficacy that AI brings to the table in nanotechnology, numerous nanotechnology facilities have begun to use AI in their research segments. Furthermore, AI can enable the intricate pre programming of nanobots in applications that need a high degree of precision. This includes medical applications, as these bots' low invasiveness is desired in the medical area.